Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is a common vascular disorder of the retina that occurs when one of the retinal veins becomes blocked, leading to impaired blood flow and vision problems. There are two primary types: Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO), where the main retinal vein is blocked, and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), which affects one of the smaller branches. RVO typically results from underlying systemic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and glaucoma. The blockage causes blood and fluid to leak into the retina, leading to swelling (macular edema), hemorrhages, and sometimes neovascularization (growth of abnormal blood vessels), all of which can significantly impair vision.

The diagnosis of RVO is made through clinical examination, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), which help assess the extent of retinal damage and macular edema. Treatment primarily focuses on managing macular edema and preventing complications. Intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) agents or corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce swelling and improve visual acuity. Laser photocoagulation may be employed in some cases, especially with BRVO. Since RVO is often associated with systemic conditions, managing underlying health issues is critical to prevent recurrence and preserve overall vascular health.

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